Selected Urban Ecology References

Prepared by M. J. McDonnell, Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology, Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne. August 1999

Adams, C. C. (1935). The relation of general ecology to human ecology. Ecology 16:316-335.

Adams, C. C. (1938). A note for social-minded ecologists and geographers. Ecology 19:500-502.

Airola, T. M. and K. Buchholz (1984). Species structure and soil characteristics of five urban sites along the New Jersey Palisades. Urban Ecology 8:149-164.

Baath, E. (1989). Effects of heavy metals in soil on microbial processes and populations (a review). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 47:335-379.

Bengtsson, G. and L. Tranvik. (1989). Critical metal concentrations for forest soil invertebrates. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 47:381-417.

Berry, J. L. (1991). Urbanization. In B. L. Turner, W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Mathews and W. B. Meyer (Editors) The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Cambridge University Press with Clark University, Cambridge.

Blair, R. B. (1996) Land use and avian species diversity along an urban gradient. Ecological Applications 6, 506-519.

Bornstein, R. D. (1968). Observations of the urban heat island effect in New York City. J. Applied Meterology 7:575-582.

Botkin, D. B. (1990). Discordant Harmonies. Oxford University Press. New York. 241 pp.

Botkin, D. B., M. F. Caswell, J. E. Estes and A. A. Orio. (eds.) (1989). Changing the global environment: Perspectives on human involvement. Academic Press, Boston, Massachusetts.

Bourne, L.S. and J.W. Simmons. (1982). Defining the area of interest: definition of the city, metropolitan areas and extended urban regions. Pages 57-72 in L.S. Bourne, editor. Internal structure of the city. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.

Breuste, J., H. Feldman and O. Uhlmann. (1998). Urban Ecology. Springer-Verlag New York

Brown, J. and J. Roughgarden., (1989). US ecologists address global change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4:255-256.

Cairns, J. Jr. (1987). Disturbed ecosystems as opportunities for research in restoration ecology. Pages 307-320 in Jordan, W.R. III, Gilpin, M.E., and J.D. Aber editors. Restoration Ecology: A synthetic approach to ecological research. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, England.

Cairns, J. Jr. (1988). Restoration ecology: The new frontier. Pages 2-11 in Cairns, J. Jr. editor. Rehabilitating Damaged Ecosystems. Vol I., CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Florida.

Churcher, P.B. and J.H. Lawton. (1987). Predation by domestic cats in an English village. Journal of Zoology 212:439-455.

Curtis, J. T. (1956). The modification of mid-latitude grasslands and forests by man. pp. 721-736. In: Thomas, W. (ed.) Man's role in changing the face of the earth, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Cwikowa, A., A. Grabowski, A.J. Lesinski, and S. Myxzkowski. (1984). Flora and vegetation of the Nieplomice Forest. pp.1-11 In: W. Grodzinski, J. Weiner and P.F. Maycock, editors. Forest ecosystems in industrial regions. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.

Dickinson, R.E. (1966). The process of urbanization. Pages 463-478 in F.F. Darling and J.P. Milton, (editors) Future environments of North America. Natural History Press, Garden City, New York.

Douglas, I. (1994). Human Settlements. In: Changes in Land Use and Land Cover: A Global Perspective (W. B. Meyer and B.L. Turner, eds), pp. 149-169, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. Ehrlich, P. R. 1985. Human ecology for introductory biology courses: An overview. Amer. Zool. 25:379-394.

Fiedler, P. L., P. S. White and R. A. Leidy. (1997). The paradigm shift in ecology and its implications for conservation. In:S. T. A. Pickett, R. S. Ostfield, M. Shachak and G. E. Likens (eds.) Papes 83-92. The Ecological Basis of Conservation. Chapman and Hall. New York.

Freedman, B. (1989). Enviromental ecology: the impacts of pollution and other stresses on ecosystem structure and function. Academic Press, San Diego, California.

Goldman, M. B., P.M. Groffman, R. V. Pouyat, M. J. McDonnell and S. T. A. Pickett. (1995). Methane uptake and nitrogen availability in forest soils along an urban to rural gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 27:281-286.

Graedel, T. E. and P. J. Crutzen. (1989). The changing atmosphere. Scientific American 261:58-68.

Groffman, P. M., R. V. Pouyat, M. J. McDonnell, S. T. A. Pickett and W. C. Zipperer (1995). Carbon pools and trace gas fluxes in urban forest soils. In: R. Lat, J. Kimble, E. Levine and B. A. Steward. 1995. Pages 147-158. Advances in Soil Science, Soil Management and Greenhouse Effect. CRC, Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida.

Holling, C. S. and G. Orians. (1971). Toward and urban ecology. Bull. Ecological Society of America 52:2-6.

Huntington, E. (1920). The control of pneumonia and influenza by weather. Ecology 1:1-23.

Jokimaki, J., and Suhonen, J. (1993). Effects of urbanization on the breeding bird species richness in Finland- A biogeographical comparison. Ornis Fennica 70, 71-77.

Kalkhoven, J. and P. Opdam. (1984). Classification and ordination of breeding bird data and landscape attributes. In: Methodologies in Landscape Ecological Research and Planning (J. Brandt and P. Agger, eds). Vol. 3, Theme 3, pp.15-26. Rokilde. Roskilde Universitetsforlag GeoRue.

Kostel-Hughes, F, Young, T. P. and M. J. McDonnell. (1998). The Soil Seed Band and its Realtionship to the Aboveground Vegetation In Deciduous Forests in New York City. Urban Ecosystems 2:17-34.

Lee, K.E. (1985). Earthworms: their ecology and relationships with soils and landuse. Academic Press, Sydney, Australia.

Loeb, R. E. (1987). The tragedy of the commons. J. of Forestry 85:28-23.

Ludwig, D.F. (1989). Anthropic ecosystems. Bull. Ecol. Soc. of America 70:12-14.

McDonnell, M.J. and S.T.A. Pickett. (1990). The study of ecosystem structure and function along urban-rural gradients: an unexploited opportunity for ecology. Ecology 71:1231-1237.

McDonnell, M. J. and S. T. A. Pickett. (1993). Editors. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: Subtle Human Effects and the Ecology of Populated Areas. Springer-Verlag. New York. 363 pp.

McDonnell, M. J., S. T. A. Pickett and R. V. Pouyat. (1993). The application of the ecological gradient paradigm to the study of urban effects. In: McDonnell, M. J. and S. T. A. Pickett. Editors. Humans as Components of Ecosystems: Subtle Human Effects and the Ecology of Populated Areas. pp. 175-189. Springer-Verlag. New York.

McDonnell, M. J., S.T.A. Pickett, R. V. Pouyat, R. W. Parmelee, M. M. Carreiro, P. M. Groffman, P. Bohlen, W. C. Zipperer, and K. Medley. (1997). Ecosystem processes along an urban-to-rural gradient. Urban Ecosystems 1: 21-36.

McDonnell, M. J. (1997). A Paradigm Shift. Urban Ecosystems 1: 85-86.

McDonnell, M. J. (1997). A simple below-ground marker for permanent plots in urban and suburban environments. Urban Ecosystems 1: 179-181.

Medley, K. E., M. J. McDonnell and S. T. A. Pickett. (1995). Human influences on forest-landscape structure along an urban-to-rural gradient. The Professional Geographer 47:159-168.

Newcombe, K. J. D. Kalma and a. A.R. Aston. (1978). The metabolism of a City: The case study of Hong Kong. Ambio 7:3-15.

Pickett, S.T.A. and P.S. White. (1985). Patch dynamics: A synthesis. Pages 371-384. In S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White (editors) The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, New York, N.Y.

Pickett, S. T. A., V. T. Parker and P. L. Fiedler. (1992). The new paradigm in ecology: Implications for conservation biology above the species level. pp 65-88. In: P. L. Fiedler and S. K. Jain (editors) 1992. Conservation Biology. Chapman and Hall. New York.

Regional Plan Association. (1987). Open space preservation in the 31 county New York urban region from 1960 to the 21st century. A midpoint review-1986. Regional Planning Association, New York, NY 27pp.

Platt, H., R. A. Roundtree and P. C. Muick. The Ecological City. University of Massachusetts Press, Amherst.

Roodman, D. M. (1996). Rapid urbanization continues. In: Vital Signs 1996 (L. Starke, ed.), pp. 94-95, W.W. Norton and Company, Inc. New York.

Pouyat, R.V. and M.J. McDonnell. (1991). Heavy metal accumulation in forest soils along an urban-rural gradient in Southern New York, U.S.A. Water Air and Soil Pollution 57-58:797-807.

Pouyat, R. V., R. W. Parmelee and M. M. Carreiro. (1994). Environmental effects of forest soil-invertebrate and fungal densities in oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient. Pedobiologia 38:385-399

Pouyat, R. V., M. J. McDonnell and S.T.A. Pickett. (1995). Soil characteristics in oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient. Journal of Environmental Quality 24:516-526.

Pouyat, R. V., M. J. McDonnell and S.T.A. Pickett (1997). Litter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in oak stands along an urban-rural land use gradient. Urban Ecosystems 1:117-131.

Pouyat, R. V., M. J. McDonnell, S.T.A. Pickett, P. M. Groffman, M. M. Carreiro, R. W. Parmelee, K. E. Medley and W. C. Zipperer. (1995). In: J. M. Kelly and W. W. McFee (eds.). Carbon Forms and Functions in Forest Soils. Soil Science Society of America. Madison, Wisconsin. 594 pp.

Pouyat, R. V. and W. C. Zipperer. (1992). The uses and management of urban woodlands. In: P.D. Rodbell, ed., Proceedings of the 5th National Urban Forestry Conference, Los Angeles, CA. American Forests, Washington, DC

Rudnicky, J.L. and M.J. McDonnell. (1989). Forty-eight years of canopy change in a hardwood-hemlock forest in New York City. Bull. of the Torrey Bot. Club 116:52-64.

Stearns, F. and T. Montag (eds). (1974). The urban ecosystem: a holistic approach. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc. Stroudsburg

Steinberg, D.A, R. V. Pouyat, R. W. Parmelee, and P.M. Groffman (1997). Earthworm abundance and nitrogen mineralization rates along an urban-rural land use-gradient. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 29:427-430.

Sukopp, H., S. Hejny and I. Kowarik (1990). Urban Ecology SPB Publishing. The Hague, Netherlands.

Sukopp, H., M. Numata and A. Huber. Urban Ecology as the Basis of Urban Planning. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, Netherlands.

Thomas, W. (editor) (1957). Man's role in changing the face of the earth, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA.

Turner, B. L., W. C. Clark, R. W. Kates, J. F. Richards, J. T. Mathews and W. B.Meyer. (1990). The Earth as Transformed by Human Action. Cambridge University Press,Cambridge.

Tyler, G., A.M. Balsberg Pahlsson, G. Bengtsson, E. Baath and L. Tranvik. (1989). Heavy-metal ecology of terrestrial plants, microorganisms and invertabrates. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 47:189-215.

White, C.S. and M.J. McDonnell. (1988). Nitrogen cycling processes and soil characteristics in an urban versus rural forest. Biogeochemistry 5:243-262.

Wolda, H., Marek, J., Spitzer, K. and Novak, I. (1994). Diversity and variability of lepidoptera populations in urban Brno, Czech Republic. European Journal of Entomology 91, 213-226.

Zipperer, W. C. (1993). Effects of urbanization on natural resource management. In: R.D. Briggs and W. B. Krohn, eds., pp. 153-165, Nurturing the Norteastern Forest. Proceedings of a Joint Meeting of the New England Society of American Foresters and Maine Chapter of the Wildlife Society. March 3 -5, 1993. Portland, ME, Maine Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Misc. Report. 382. Orono.

Zipperer, W. C. (1993). Population growth and forest loss analysis. In: L.R. Neville and W.C. Zipperer, eds., New York-New Jersey Highlands Regional Study: Analysis of Selected Resources. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Northeastern Areas State and Private, Radnor, PA. NA-TP-04-93.